What Is Science Communication?

What Is Science Communication? What is Science communication? Science communication generally refers to science related topics presented by the public media to public or non-scientists. Science communication is important, not just to keep a need for developing science, because some of the information is directly depends on science. Science pervades our society today. This is because most of our industries and much of our national prosperity depend on science (Bodmer report, 1985). We used everything or machinery related to science at home as well as at work. Science also affects our personal activities from health and diet to holidays and sports. So, it is important to show the reason everyone should have some understanding of science to improve this understanding. Science communication can also simply describe as the communication between scientists and non-scientists. The public gets information about science through engaging with science communicators and through mass media. Most commonly, the media like newspa pers, television, internet and magazines are the channels used to spread science to the public. The interaction between scientists, the public and also the media becoming very common due to the development of science. Now many of the new generation of student scientists are trained in communication skills so that they can communicate to the outside world (Besley and Tanner, 2010). About the role of scientists in public debate 2001, most of the scientists think that communicate their work and its social and ethical implication to the public is their responsibility. But, there also many scientists said they have no time to communicate their research to the public due to the requirement of their jobs nowadays. Most of the researchers said that constraint of time stopping them for engaging with the public and also the peer pressure as a gap to take part in public engagement (The royal society, 2006). Whereby, the specialist science communicators are suggested by scientists as the best group to communicate science to others. This is because they are equipped with all knowledge, skills or experiences in science which can help them communicate well. These can prevent from misrepresent. Scientists should attempt an effective assessment of potential effects for the public and also ensure the appropriate communication methods so that public not misunderstand and object the scientific works. The scientist was encouraged by the government, research funders and the public to explain and discuss their scientific work, to consider also the sense of the community for example the use of animals in the research (Engaging science, 2006). Scientists should involve themselves in public engagement in order to convince the public on their scientific research. In the recent past, many scientists think that they will lose their job if science became more popular (Gregory,J Miller,S, 1998). But now, most scientists think that it is important and essentials for public to know more about the science (The role of scientists in public debate, 2001). It is important to communicate science to public to stable their careers and to further their research. The public can have a better understanding of science and scientists do which enable them to judge the science issues and to make their own decisions on their lives through communicating (The role of scientists in public debate, 2001). So, what do scientists think about science communication? Some scientists say it is wasting their time and energy to communicate while some feel that science communication will bring to misunderstanding and misrepresenting of information. Where, clinical and biomedical scientists more likely to state misunderstanding and misrepresentation as their disadvantages to c ommunicate the science to the public (The role of scientists in public debate, 2001). But, the health research can be recognized as the work of outsiders and unaccountable to society if there is no engaging with the social, politic and cultural until the research had been implemented (Bangalore, 2009). However, many scientists state that there are no personal disadvantages. Most of the scientists think that communicate science to public bring many personal advantages instead of no benefits: Cash inducements In order to do a research, cash or money is the main premises. From the survey of the royal society in 2006, money was the main incentive to encourage scientists to communicate their findings to public. It doesnt matter the awards or prizes is given to departments or individuals. Attracting possible funding Most of the scientists will take science communication as a part for them to attract more organizations or funder on their research. As in the Pew research, the main obstacles to conduct the research is lack of funding. The vast majority of scientists, 87% stated it is the serious problem to continue their research. Personal satisfaction- By communicating, scientists will enjoy and feel happy to interact with non-scientists, younger public, women and also other colleagues. Most of the younger scientists take their personal satisfaction or enjoyment to communicate their work with the children. They felt satisfied watching the young public enjoy the scenes with them (Martin-Sempere et al, 2008). Make the name known- Scientists communicate their work in public because they are hoping their scientific work known by most of the people instead of only few other scientists. They also hope they can increase their chance of funding. The majority of senior researchers takes science communication as a way to make their name or work well known (Martin-Sempere et al, 2008). Career development Communicating can bring a positive impact to career. It is the way to prove ones skills, knowledge and experiences in the world and stable their career. The report on the role of scientists in public debate in 2001 stated that the majority of scientists using science communication as a useful way to advance their career, providing more opportunities for collaboration and job security. Get to know one scientists competitors By communicating, scientists and their competitors can have a closer contact. Its actually an effective way to interact with other scientists in different fields to improve their works or research which bring more benefits to the society. It may provide a better and details knowledge about them when competing for something like position or funds. Besides, competitors also can be a good partner in their career in the future. Keeping track and motivated By communicating, it is an essential way to keep track of the things we are doing. Its also one of the tools for a scientist to refer back to the different level of research and learn from our research process. Communicating along the way can also keep motivation going to help a scientist to move forward without giving up. Make a scientists research more meaningful- Communicating also a way to let scientists know their work and its benefits to the society. It can help the public know more about the scientific work that carry out by scientists and the purpose of the work in order to let the public know the importance of scientists to the world. Feedback Feedback is an important component in every field. By communicating it, the public becomes aware of the existence of projects and can give advice and suggestions, share experiences to improve the research. Scientists can improve their research and avoiding them from doing some things that will harm the public, society or even the world. Contribute to a positive image of science Through communicating, it is a way to document out all the expenses and also the work to all the people especially the government and the funders. Of this, all the funder or contributors will know and think it is valuable to invest either time or resources in science. So, the funder and contributors will keep supporting the science which indirectly help scientists to solve the issue of funding. In addition, it also helps to show out the scientific contribution to society. Become a better communicator Communication is a useful skills to help scientists to communicate or interact more with the outside world instead of just staying in the laboratory room keep doing their research. It is actually not fair for scientists because just of their duty or jobs make scientists lose their freedom or time to enjoy the colourful activities in this world. Through communicating, scientists can communicate clearly actively with the public to avoid them from discriminate from the world. In the Bodmer report, science communication is very important mainly to enhance the national prosperity in raising the publics quality and private-decision making and enriching the life of an individual. The public should have a better understanding of science to support or even to object the new technologies related to science. This is because there always have issues that appear to be largely scientific or technical brought to the major social and political implications. For example, drugs prescription, pollution, radioactive waste disposal and etc. Governments, a decision maker should prohibit the technologies that are harmful to human being and our earth. Besides, the public should know most of the new scientific method to improve their private life or daily life. For example, smoking, diet, vaccination, technologically based society, electronic gadget which all underlying on science. Public also need to understand the nature of risks and uncertainty of the scientific product bec ause most of the product brought to the balancing of risks. So, science communication is an important part to spread the knowledge of science to the public. In my opinion, there are no much changes of the opinion in the understanding of science between the time of Bodmer report and now. The main difference is the attitudes of scientists think about public engagement. At the time of Bodmer report, the majority of scientists do not take care of the science communication. They focus full attention on their research and do not want to communicate their scientific finding to public. Thats why one of the Bodmer reports conclusion state that scientists need to learn to communicate in public and also learn about media and take training in communication. In the last decade, the majority of scientists have no media, communications training or the training for public engagement (The royal society, 2006). Most of the scientist in-charge in communication and a lot of training had been done to the scientists nowadays. For example, most of the universities state the science communication as a compulsory subject for every science student. Such science c ommunication training is increasingly being offered to working scientists and also future scientists in universities and even at schools. Generally, courses, seminar and workshops are included in this type of communication training to help scientists to talk to public clearly (Besley and Tanner, 2010). Besides, the public attitudes to science and technology is not positive enough, they may become a negative anti science. Well, after the date of Bodmer report, the public is not the deficit models anymore. Generally, there has a different opinion throughout the scientific age. The senior scientists communicate science because of the sense of duty and also to make their name better known to public. While, younger scientists take science communication as their personal satisfaction and enjoyment instead as the way to get rewards or money (Martin-Sempere et al, 2008). In conclusion, scientists should take science communication as the need to educate the public instead of to listen, learn or debate as part of genuine dialogue. Scientists also have to take part in public engagement activities to arouse more information or methods in order to improve their research. Scientists should interact with the public sincerely and not look science communication as a tool for them to grab more individual benefits. This is because the main purpose that every research done by scientists is to make our life better and also to cure all the problems that harm to society and the world. So, no matter it is scientists, public or media, we need to look science communication positively.

Trials and Tribulations of Ariel Dorfman :: Essays Papers

Trials and Tribulations of Ariel Dorfman In the late 1950’s Chile was fighting a political war. Ariel Dorfman wrote many stories and essays dealing with the political oppression. Ariel Dorfman was exiled from Chile because of his writings, and struggled with his writing in Paris. With ambitions to return to his country he became one of the most significant Hispanic writers in the 20th century. Chile was going through a time of change. After the death of President Salvador Allende, Augusto Pinochet took over. Ariel worked for Allende and wrote many not so nice things about Pinochet. In 1973 Pinochet didn’t fire Dorfman, instead he just exiled Ariel from the country. After being exiled Dorfman went to Paris he came down with a case of writers block, which left him poor for a while. He eventually recovered and wrote many famous plays and poems. In one of his poems â€Å"He describes Latin America as an enigma a vibrant, sprawling, messy reality which did not itself know where it was or where it was going†¦a series of half-formed nations trapped in a history not of its own, trying to invent an alternative.† (Former Exiled Writer â€Å"Dorfman† 21) Born on May 6, 1942 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Dorfman’s family was well aware of the horrors of war and the pain of exile, his Jewish grandparents fled the pogroms of Eastern Europe. At the age of two his family moved to New York City and he attended grade school there. When he was seven he began writing children’s fiction. He also expressed himself through painting. At the age of twelve he and his family moved to Chile where he completed his education, married, and in 1967 became a naturalized Chilean citizen. He attended graduate school in Berkley California in 1968 and 1969 and then he returned to Chile. As an adult Dorfman worked as an activist, journalist and writer. Dorfman actively protested against political oppression in Chile. When Chile’s democratically elected Allende and his Marxist government were overthrown in a coup by Augusto Pinochet in 1973 he found himself in opposition to those in power. Following Allende’s death, thousands of politicians, intellectuals, clergymen and writers, of which Dorfman was one, were expelled from Chile. Many famous and significant writings came from Dorfman. His writings include Windows, his Memoir Heading South Looking North: A Bilingual Journey, Death and the Maiden, along with many short stories and poems.

Edgar Allen Poes The Cask Of Amontillado :: essays research papers fc

"The Cask of Amontillado" Grimes ii Outline Thesis: The descriptive details in "The Cask of Amontillado" not only appeal to the senses of the audience, but also show that the narrator has a memory that has been haunted with details that he can recall fifty years later. I. Introduction II. Auditory Appeal III. Humor Appeal IV. Visual Appeal V. Conclusion Grimes 1 "The vividness with which [Poe] transcribes his sensory experiences contributes powerfully to the response his stories invoke" (Fagin 202). In "The Cask of Amontillado," Edgar Allan Poe uses captivating images to descriptively tell a tail of revenge, while appealing to the senses of the audience. In "The Cask of Amontillado," Montressor seeks to have revenge on Fortunato for an unknown insult. Montressor confesses at the beginning of the story, "The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge" (Lowell 214). Montresor wants to "not only punish, but punish with impunity"(214). The nature of this insult is not made clear; however, the reader is led to believe that the insult changed Montresor’s social status. Montresor says to Fortunato "You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy, as once I was." This leads the reader to believe that Montresor once had high social status, but that status has changed due to the insult by Fortunato. Fortunato, entering the scene wearing a jesters costume, is unaware of Montesors’ evil intentions of murder. Montresor persuades Fortunato, who prides "himself on his connoisseurship in wine," to go into the family vaults so he can taste and identify some "Amontillado" (Lowell 215). Along the way Fortunato becomes extremely drunk and unaware of Montresor’s evil plot of murder. Montresor then proceeds to lead him through the catacombs and finally buries him alive behind a wall. Mont resor calls to Fortunato, but the only reply that he receives comes in the "jingling of the bells" from Fortunato’s cap (222). Grimes 2 II. Auditory Appeal The fact that the narrator mentions the "jingling of the bells" several times after fifty years indicates that he is haunted with a memory of their sound. Poe knew that the audience would relate the terrifying sound of the bells to premature burial. Premature burial is a concern during the 19th century when Poe writes this short story (Platizky 1). Live burial is practiced during this time as a form of capital punishment in Europe (1).

His Fathers Pain :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

His Father's Pain All his life Peter had carried the pain about with him. Sometimes intense. sometimes no more than a dull ache. Sometimes for months at a time he was hardly aware of it, but it was always there. He knew that. It had a precise location, always the same, a spot below the ribs, an inch inside, four fingers from the point where his lower ribs met. He could put his fingers in there, feel it. All his life be had been aware of it. He had taken the pain to doctors. They had poked and probed at various intervals. Once they had diagnosed ulcers. They had prescribed milky medications, which had relieved it only for the moment. Then it came back. Sometimes it was so intense he feared it could be cancer, a burning growth expanding inside him. Sometimes he was afraid of dying. It was like a death inside him, so intense, so obdurate. And sometimes the pain would lie low, more of a shadow than a pain, a dis-ease lurking quietly in the rib cage. The pain was with him thirty years, the length of his adult life. Until he found its healer. At first he did not know this would be the healer of the pain. For many weeks, they talked. They talked about the fears, the insecurities, the longings, and the needs. They talked about the rage he had carried with him all his life. They talked about his weakness and his strength. Some of these things he knew, some he didn't. Some of these things they enacted. Always there was the empty chair, his partner, his antagonist. Whoever came to mind was invited there, to sit in it: his wife, his father, his anger, his fear. Whoever came to mind, whoever was necessary to the occasion, whoever needed to be addressed, whoever needed to bc heard from - there was always someone. They came unbidden from wherever it was they lived, from dark, hidden parts of him, from unexamined corners of his body: the awkward tilt of the head, the crick in the back, the back, the avoided gaze. There was always someone. It was weeks, months even, before the healer touched him. When the trust was there. Once the defenses had begun to fall. When the body was ready with its invitation. The first time, the healer went only where he was invited, his fingers probing the depth to which the pain was tolerable.

A Conducive Learning Environment Essay

An online and/or adult student must have an internal control psych to motivate themselves to continue and excel in the classes and educational career they decided to pursue. In education, there are choices that must be made in order for the adult student to be successful. One important tool necessary for the student to succeed is a conducive learning environment. These environments begin in the student’s mind at a very young age and are developed through parents, teachers, staff, and others connected to the school and educational environment. Today various explanations about learning are available. Some people believe that students learn either through the natural or biological make up of the person without any outside influences. These people believe that there is not any influence from the environment. While others believe people learn according to the environment they are involved. This type of person understands learning is established through circumstances or the surroundings. This is proven by the releasing of a learned habit of doing something and accepting the new thoughts and ways of doing something. For example, a child has been taught to print his/her name by the parent; once this child reaches a certain level in school, the child is taught to write his/her name by the teacher in the school environment. Changing one’s thoughts refers to the process by which failure leads to further learning; where a new experience that is contrary to one’s expectations causes one to change their attitude. (Brown, 2006) A conducive environment has a positive effect on a student because it can determine how and what the person is learning. Conducive environment is defined as favorable surroundings or conditions. One would make the environment conducive to learning starting within. Students should be and are motivated internally as well as externally. Built in instructions, found within our genetics drive the behavior of the student. Meaning the student should have an excellent base to build their education on. The student, especially an online learner, must learn to control the environment which they have chosen to complete class work, homework and study/reading time. The student must also develop the ability to absorb or ignore the surroundings available to him/her. Students in most cases need a well lit, natural lighting is best, and ventilated area that is air conditioned or heated maintaining a certain temperature for comfort. A student will need the typical supplies to complete the required coursework. These supplies and/or tools will come in handy but the area or environment one is utilizing to study, complete class work and homework is just as vital. Students have numerous necessities on a personal and student level. The environment a student decides to use for his/her educational purposes vary from one person to the next. Every student has a special area that is conducive to the person’s education. The student should have a means of self control. Success and failure is attributable to forces outside of themselves. (Sullo, 2007) The student should have a clean and comfortable environment free from foul odors and/or over bearing scents or loud noises to include friends and family. The student’s environment is a secluded area of sorts. The conducive learning environment may exist practically anywhere inside and outside of the classroom environment solely dependent on the student. This environment should be a relaxing and comfortable setting, but not so comfortable that would be enticing one to sleep or nap, if one were in a classroom setting, the student would be unable to nap there. An education requires outside sources as well; teachers, instructors, and professors just to name a few of the sources. They are required to appease to an environment which is conducive for the student to learn and for them to be able to teach. An environment with instruction with the transformative power of an effective teacher is the environment one desires and most of all need. (Tucker & Stronge, 2005) This type of teacher has a compassion for the subject matter and enjoy their work and with this excitement he/she has the ability to convey to the students with ease of reception. The instructor has received the proper training and has earned the proper credentials to practice this type of instruction. (Tucker & Stronge, 2005) The prior explains that not only the physical environment, being the building, is of importance to the student’s educational training but the instructor is just as if not more important for a conducive environment. Learning styles differ from culture to culture or from background to background. (Brown, 2006) In the United States, students are taught in an environment which allows interaction such as teacher to student and student to student. This is an acceptable practice while in other environments which are very formal and controlled, African and Asian societies fit this description, students are discouraged or disallowed to voice their own opinions. Additionally, most parents, teachers and other mentors enforce strict discipline during the learning process. (Brown, 2006) However, in other developed countries such as the US, learning occurs in a less controlled environment as parents, teachers and other mentors allow children time to participate actively in the learning process. (Brown, 2006) Learning habits greatly depends on the nature of the environment in which the student has available to him/her. These would include access to the internet as an example of a need for further education even at the elementary school age. The more advanced the technology the more likely the student will have an opportunity to learn a greater deal of education than those without. Students with access to text books, internet, supplies, a feasible area or work space, and an instructor that is qualified and certified stands an immense opportunity to be successful in the educational training they require as primary students and seek as a secondary student. A student’s success is based on the environment that the student has available to them to be educated. In order for this environment to be a conducive environment the student requires certain entities to be met in order for each individual student to receive just what they are seeking. The student must have an area that is personable for them for their comfort. They must also have available to them an instructor which is qualified to teach the students. Proper equipment to include text books or e-books, well written lectures and well taken notes, and interaction between the student and faculty are just the basics of what a student need to be successful. The most significant element of a conducive environment is the student’s â€Å"I can be successful in my education attitude† . Without a mindset of being able to complete or conquer any challenges that will come to the student, the student will not be successful. With that said, the most conducive environment begin internally. The student has to want, need, and desire the success of being educated in order to recognize and build the perfect conducive learning environment. In conclusion, different environments may be conducive or distracting for the student. A student’s cultural rearing is an influence on their access to necessary resources as well as the style of learning the student has. They may be influenced with a teacher-centered learning environment and the student may or may not have active roles in the class. Families that take interest in the student’s education play a role with equal importance to that of the instructor in the learning process. The design of the classroom, either traditional or online, is an important portion of a conducive environment Works Cited Wood, D. (1998): How Children Think and Learn, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd p 12 Piaget, J. (1950): The Psychology of Intelligence, New York: Routledge, p 35-46 Jonassen D.H., Lowyck, T. & Duffy, J. (2002): Designing environments for constructive learning Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 231-247 Clark, R., Nguyen, F., and Sweller, J. (2006): Efficiency in Learning: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Manage Cognitive Load; Pfeiffer, p 59 Tucker, N., Stronge, J. (2005). Linking Teacher Evaluation and Student Learning Retrieved from http:/www.netlibrary.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129351. Sornson, B. (2001). Preventing Early Learning Failure Retrieved from http:/www.netlibrary.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=70546. Brown, C. (2006). How the environment plays a role in learning. 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World War II Through the 1970’s

In this paper I will go into details explains two major historical turning points that occurred during the period of World War II through the 1970’s, and the effect it had on today’s society, economy, politics and culture. In this paper I will also give two reasons why in the late 30’s Americans wanted to remain out of the European conflict.In this paper I will talk about the role women played to helped win World War II, will describes two civil rights breakthroughs, explain two ways the Vietnam War brought political awareness to a new generation of young Americans and I will talk about two programs that president Lyndon Johnson Great Society Agenda had put into effect and that are still into effect today. A turning point was in 1962, the world experienced a threat so real, so dangerous, and so deadly; that any believed Armageddon was approaching. The Cuban Missile Crisis was undoubtedly the closest the world has come to nuclear war in its entire existence.The pr esence of Soviet nuclear warheads on Cuban soil, less than 100 miles from the coast of Florida shocked the world. The discovery of the missiles was completely unexpected; the public's reaction was not. Thousands of people stockpiled food, students were trained to survive nuclear holocaust and civilians built bomb shelters in their back yards. It was the most shocking event of the 20th Century. The second turning point was the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 27, 1963 where Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his I Have A dream speech on the steps on the Lincoln Memorial.Two Historical Points There are many major historical points during this period of time such as Pearl Harbor, Integrating in Baseball, the murder of Emmett Till, Brown v. Board of Education, Civil Rights Movement, Black Power Movement, Chicano Movement, the assassination of President Kennedy, Malcolm X, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, and Robert Kennedy, Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal. In m y opinion all of these events had effect on today’s society. One of the historical points is bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 4, 1941. A Japanese bomber attacked the United States pacific fleet.This attacked killed 2,403 Americans at the same time Japan also attacked American positions in the Philippines, Guam, and Midway Islands as well as Hong Kong and Malaysia. President Roosevelt declared that December 7th would become a date which will live in infamy. On December 8, 1941 declared war and on December 11th Adolf Hitler declared war on United States making it a world war. ( Schultz, 2012 p,413) The Watergate Scandal is known for its complex web of serious political scandals that occurred during 1972 and 1974. At the time the president was Richard M.Nixon, this scandal would change his Life and his legacy and the lives of many people involved as well as the Americans view of political leaders. During Nixon successful reelection bid in 1972, five men were arrested breaking into the Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate Hotel in Washington D. C. One of the men worked directly for Nixon’s Committee (CREEP). (Shultz,2012 p. 474) Many things were found out during the long investigation including the unveiling that President Nixon was taping all the conversations in the White House.Also Nixon’s vice president Agnew was also admitted to tax evasion. There was also many other things that came to light during the Watergate Scandal leading Americans to have major distrust within the entire leaders of our country. Today political leaders and everyone for that matter grasp the idea that no one is above the law. I believe the biggest outcome of the Watergate Scandal would be the realization that the â€Å"freedom of press† defined in the First Amendment can be held up and used to print and report on if the information is true. Stay out of European AffairsThe disinclination of Americans to become too closely involved with Eur opean affairs was also reflected in the Administration’s refuge policies. As the Nazis steeped up their persecution of Jews and other minorities, a steady trickle of German Jews sought refuge in countries around the world. ( America’s Decades 1930’s p. 343) The people of the United States had many reason as to why the wished to stay neutral in what became World War II. First from my understanding Americans were still trying to recover from World War I and also the Great Depression.America suffered from so many devastating blows financially during the Great Depression. They felt as if we should concentrate on recovering here at home first rather than going overseas and incurring more financial problems. The second reason I think Americans wanted to remain out of the European Conflict is because of a man named Adolf Hitler. Although Adolf Hitler did many horrible unforgiving things during his time Americans took a liking to him at first. This was simply because Hi tler pulled Germany out a horrible economic depression in record breaking time.Americans thought that if Hitler had enough power and wisdom to help Germany so swiftly then why should be fight such a strong and very smart power. Women Role in WWII Women played a very significant role during the World War II to help the United States achieve a win. During the World War II many women found themselves left at home trying to do whatever they could to make ends meet. Hundreds of thousands of women went to work in factories taking the place of many male jobs. During the war around 350,000 women enlisted into various branches of the armed forces working mainly as nurses and secretaries.A great achievement women made during the war was becoming Air Force service pilots. This gave males the opportunity to leave the service aspect of the military to join in actual combat. Women made up a major part of the Red Cross lending hand to wounded soldiers to help heal and get them back to combat statu s. Civil Rights Breakthrough Between the end of World War II and the passing of the passing of Civil Rights Act in 1964 many Africa Americans devoted their lives to fighting devoted their lives to fighting social injustices. Like much of United States society in 1940’s professional baseball was segregation.The Major League was for white players only. When it came to African America baseball player they were restricted to the Negro League with received little press. Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him on April 15, 1947. As the first African American to Major League Baseball Robinson had to endure racial taunts, threat, and death letter by fans of the game. He also had to death with it from other players and his teammates, some players shunned him or kicked him with spike shoes as he ran bases. (America’s 1940 p. 122) Robinson played at top level he batted .97 in his rookie year, won National League Rookie of the Year and l ed the Dodgers to 1947 World Series. Just elven weeks after Jackie Robinson integrated baseball Larry Doby deducted with the Cleveland Indians. Robinson was the first African American inducted into Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 . In 1951 suit was filed against the Topeka Board of Education at a state level with the help of the NAACP. Unfortunately the case was lost, but got taken on by the Supreme Court. After a long battle inBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansa decided by the Supreme Court in 1954, is considered the case that began to dismantle legal segregation.It brought together five discrimination suits being filed across the country against locally segregated school system where blacks’ schools were found to be inadequate. The case argued by Charles Hamilton Houston, James Nabritt, Thurgood Marshall ( who became the first African American Supreme Court Justice) who had applied for to University of Maryland Law School and was refused because of his race. ( Legacy Treasures of Black History p. 171) The murder of Emmett Louis Till was an African American boy who was murdered in Mississippi he was only fourteen.It was reported that he was flirting with a white woman named Carolyn Bryant. Several nights later Bryant’s husband and half-brother took Till from his great uncle house and brought him to a barn where they beat him and gouged out one of his eyes then they shoted him in the head. They dispose his body in the Tallahatchie River weighting it down with a 70 pound cotton gin. Till body was found three days later he body was returned to Chicago, Illinois to his mother where she insisted on a public funeral with an open casket to show the world the brutality of the murder of her son.Ten of thousands attended the funeral or viewed his casket and images of his mutilated body was publish in Jet magazine and newspapers. Emmett Till murder is noted as a pivotal event motivating the Civil Rights moment. That December of 1955 in Montgomery, A labama Rosa Park refused to give her seat up and was arrested that spark a boycott of the public bus system in Montgomery, Alabama that last thirteen months. Vietnam War While Vietnam started in 1955 the United States did not enter until roughly 1961.America wanted to remain out of this war but ultimately succumb to the realization that we intervene if we did not want communism to spread any farther than it already had. As of today the Vietnam War is known for its dramatic bloodshed with the losses of so many lives and also for that to date is the only war United States lost due to withdrawing from the war. Today we can see the effects of the war economically because all of the health problems we see in the veterans of the war. We help to pay for the medical bills of proud men that served our country during that time.Our veterans today still suffer greatly from port traumatic stress disorder and drug dependencies. The war was also very costly not in just that thousands of lives were lost but also financially. The Vietnam War brought political awareness to a new generation of young Americans in many ways. The war weakened public faith in government, and in the honesty of its leaders. A high degree of suspicion and distrust toward authority of all kind was felt by most Americans. Also Americans discredited the military for a long time to come. Americans would come to never have respect for or trust public institutions again like they had before the war.President Johnson’s Great Society President Lyndon Johnson did many great things for our country, including what is called his â€Å"Great Society† agenda. While the Great Society agenda had many aspects of it, I think one of the dynamics that still stands today and is very important to us is the Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) of 1964. The EOA was created to do many things but a few are commonly still heard about. For example the EOA created a program called Head Start. Head Start is provides many th ings including education, parent involvement, health, nutrition, and family support services to low income families.The EOA also created the Job Corps which is still in operation today. Job Corps is a free training and education program that helps low income young people aged 16 to 21 earn a high school diploma, learn a career, and find and keep a career. Another program that was created in 1965 under Johnsons Great Society was Medicare. Medicare is in full force still in today’s time. Medicare is a national insurance program, regulated by the U. S. federal government; it guarantees access to health insurance for Americans for younger people with disabilities and for those ages 65. (Shultz 2012 p. 458)

My Personal Learning Styles

My Personal Learning Style Learning has been going on since the beginning of human kind and is still going on in today’s world. While in the beginning they did not study how they learned they still accomplished many things. Now we study how we learn so that we can hopefully learn more efficiently to accomplish things beyond our wildest dreams. Today I took to learning style quizzes in hopes of learning more about my personal learning styles so that I may improve myself. Today in this essay we will explore learning styles that equate with a preferred bodily sense through which one receives information.The three that are the most popular and explored are visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Gaining knowledge about things that connect to the real world that we walk in everyday is of great interest to me. In saying that, I chose to pursue a degree in Public Health, because it something I see every day and became very intrigued by. My chose to obtain a degree also came out of wanting to better myself and the people around me. A very important reason that I wanted to acquire my degree is so that I could be more financially capable to providing a comfortable life for my family.Finishing a Bachelor’s Degree in Public Health would also give me a great deal of pride in myself. The two quizzes that I took today were the Felder and Soloman Quiz and the Learning Styles Quiz. They both gave me some good insight to how I learn and suggestions to help me learn more efficiently in any leaning environment. The results from the Felder and Soloman quiz showed me that I was reflective, sensing, verbal, and sequential which seemed to very accurate (Felder & Soloman, n. d. ). As a reflective learner I prefer to think it through quietly, working alone, and taking notes while listening to lectures (Felder & Soloman, n. . ). Being a Sensor tells me that I tend to enjoy learning about facts to the real world, solving problems with well-established methods, and I am patient wi th details (Felder & Soloman, n. d. ). Verbal learning is something I have always enjoyed I just get more out of words–written and spoken explanations (Felder & Soloman, n. d. ). Writing out or seeing steps in my head while trying to process information points to sequential learning where the learner tends to follow logical stepwise paths in finding solutions (Felder & Soloman, n. d. ).The learning styles quiz focused on visual, auditory and kinesthetic learning styles which made it very straight forward. After taking this quiz the results showed me to be more of an auditory learner with sixty-four percent. As far as visual and kinesthetic learning both of the percentages were at eighteen percent so I definitely lean towards one method. As an auditory learner you prefer to learn by listening and often recall the words you've heard in your mind (Penn State, 2010). This quiz brought to my attention that while taking a written test, I am slow because of speaking to myself as you read (Penn State, 2010).The results of the quizzes that I took were very enlightening to me since I was of the belief that I really did not lean towards one learning style. Felder and Solomans’ quiz was the best out of the two that I experienced today because it was so full of information. I especially like that it gives you helpful tips on how to learn better with the learning styles that you have. Taking the quizzes today helped me better understand my learning style which I know will help me down the line while trying to learn anything.Basically what this essay boils down to is everyone has different ways of learning whether it is auditory, sensing or reflective. Knowing how I learn can be a very helpful tool in my success to completely my degree. Taking a quiz to learn about my learning style proved to be very insightful into my tactics taken while studying. In the end knowledge is power and knowing how to pour it into your mind with understanding is priceless. Reference s: http://www. engr. ncsu. edu/learningstyles/ilsweb. html http://www. howtolearn. com/learning-styles-quiz